SURVIVAL KIT

SURVIVAL KIT

1. Mots-outils

POUR COMMENCER

First, firstly, first of all, in the first place, first and foremost, to begin / start with

My first impression is…

POUR DEVELOPPER UN SUJET

POUR DONNER DES EXEMPLES

Secondly, thirdly, then, next
at first sight (à première vue)
as a matter of fact, in fact (en fait)
at all events, in any case (en fait)
on second thoughts (à la réflexion)
actually (effectivement)
anyway (de toutes façons)
in most cases (dans la plupart des cas)
in this respect (à cet égard)
to some extent (dans une certaine mesure)
as far as … is concerned (en ce qui concerne)
from a (adjectif) point of view (d'un point de vue + adj.)

for instance, for example, such as, like
namely (c'est-à-dire)
above all (surtout)

POUR EXPRIMER LA CAUSE

as (étant donné que)
because (parce que)
for (car)
since (puisque)
This is the reason why (C'est la raison pour laquelle)
because of (à cause de)
owing to (en raison de)
thanks to (grâce à)
due to (du fait de)
out of + nom (par + nom) Ex.: out of pity
on account of (étant donné)

POUR EXPRIMER LE BUT

To, in order to, so as to + BV
For + nom/pronom + TO + BV

POUR EXPRIMER LA CONDITION

POUR EXPRIMER LA CONSEQUENCE

if (si)
in case (au cas où)
suppose/supposing (à supposer que)
provided/providing (pourvu que)
on condition that (à condition que)
so long as / as long as (à condition que)

so that (de telle sorte que)
so…that (si…que)
so much so that (à tel point que)
that's why (c'est pourquoi)
as a result of (en conséquence de)
therefore (c'est pourquoi)
accordingly (en conséquence)
consequently (par conséquent)
so, thus (ainsi)
hence (d'où)

POUR EXPRIMER L'OPPOSITION

whereas / while (tandis que)
unlike (à la différence de)
contrary to (contrairement)
as against (en opposition à)
on the one hand…, on the other hand…
(d'une part…, d'autre part)
conversely (inversement)
on the contrary (au contraire)
in contrast to (en contraste avec)
or else (ou alors)
otherwise (autrement)

POUR EXPRIMER LE TEMPS

eventually (finalement)
till / until (jusqu'à ce que)
while (pendant que)
as long as (tant que)
whenever (chaque fois que)
since (depuis que)
once (une fois que)
meanwhile (pendant ce temps là)
in the meantime (entre temps)
at times (parfois)

POUR EXPRIMER LA RESTRICTION

POUR AJOUTER UN ELEMENT

although / though (bien que)
as though / as if (comme si)
even though / even if (même si)
no matter what (peu importe ce que)
whatever (quel que soit)
no matter how (peu importe comment)
however + adj. (si + adj. soit-il / elle)
unless (à moins que)
whether … or … (que … ou que…)
yet / still (pourtant)
however (cependant)
nevertheless, nonetheless (néanmoins)
for all…, despite … (malgré…)
in spite of (en dépit de)
for all I know

in addition to (outre)
besides (d'ailleurs)
furthermore (en outre)
moreover, what is more, on top of that (de plus)
as well, also, too (aussi)
similarly (de même)

POUR CONCLURE

To conclude, in conclusion, as a conclusion, in brief, in short, to put it in a nutshell, at last, finally, last but not least

2. Structures verbales

Verbes + proposition infinitive		He wants me to come this afternoon. Your teacher expects you to work hard. He'd like his wife to dress well. It is impossible for him to stop smoking. He asked him not to do it. She warned me not to be late.
Verbes + BV		The kid made his dog jump. Let me do that! I will have him do this hard work. We mustn't park here. I saw my sister go out. I’d rather stay with you. You'd better go!
Verbes + TO BV		She was warned not to be late. They were seen to go out. He seems to be all right. They hope to visit us next year. She is attempting to climb Mount Everest next month. I agreed to let him drive my car.
Verbes + V-ING		He kept telling her not to worry. She could not help saying something to him. She forgave her for being rude. He could hardly stop laughing. She stood looking at the photographs. This film was worth seeing. He enjoys playing tennis. I remember locking the door. The actors resented being laughed at by the audience. She had refrained from saying anything to her daughter. Do you mind my staying a little longer? Please, excuse my being so late. Your work needs correcting. She was busy writing a letter.
Verbes + TO + V-ING		We look forward to hearing from you. David is used to playing the guitar every morning. She objected to visiting the place. She objected to his/him playing the guitar. She took to smoking last year.
Verbes + GN + V-ING		She heard the first car coming. They spend their time playing football. He kept me waiting for an hour. Can you smell something burning?
Verbes + V-ED (prétérit modal)		I wish you would shut up. I wish my father understood my plans better. I wish I hadn't left home. Would you rather I stayed home with you? I’d rather you had told me earlier. It is (high) time you made a decision.
Verbes + THAT	insist:	William had insisted that she keep her jewels. She insisted to Sarah that it wasn't a problem. He insisted that he come to the stables.
	worry :	I was worried that his son would fail his exam. He worried that his son preferred German to English. She is worried that she might not be able to find a job.
	be afraid :	She was afraid that he'd be angry. I was afraid that it might have been too much for you.
	fear :	I fear that he may die.
	suggest:	They suggested that I (should) buy a car / that I bought a car.
	surprise :	It does not surprise me that their parents do not want them to go abroad.
	be pleased:	They were pleased that their son was getting along with Nigel.
	admit :	She admitted that she really longed for a cup of tea.
	hope :	I hope that you will stay with me forever.

3. Vocabulaire notionnel / Fonctionnel

COLERE

agacer quelqu'un

en avoir marre de...

se disputer avec quelqu'un

s'énerver / se mettre en colère contre...

perdre son sang-froid

J'en ai assez de...

Je ne peux pas le supporter.

Je ne supporte pas que...

to get on someone’s nerves

to be fed up with...

to have an argument with somebody

to get excited / to get angry / cross with...

to lose one's temper

I've had enough of…

I can't put up with him.

I can't stand + V-ING

REPROCHES

reprocher qqch. à qqn.

reprocher à quelqu'un de...

Comment oses-tu ?

C'est bien ta faute.

Je ne permettrai pas ça.

Si seulement tu n’avais pas…

Tu n'aurais pas dû faire ça.

to blame somebody for something / for + V-ING

to reproach somebody with / for + V-ING

How dare you?

It’s all your fault.

I won't have it

I wish you hadn’t

You shouldn’t have done that.

SOUVENIRS

évoquer

rappeler qqchose à qq'un

se rappeler avoir fait qqchose

autrefois

à ce moment-là

en ce temps-là

jadis / autrefois

nous avions l'habitude de...

to look back on

to remind someone of something

to remember / to recall + V-ING

in the past

at that time

in those days

formerly

we used to + BV

REGRETS

C'est dommage.

J'aimerais savoir faire...

J'aurais dû faire ça...

Si seulement...

It’s a pity.

I wish I could do...

I should have done that...

If only + HAD V-EN...

SOUHAITS

J'aimerais qu'il arrête.

J'espère qu'il viendra.

Je voudrais qu'elle lise.

I wish he would stop.

I hope he will come.

I'd like her to read.

PROJETS

avoir l'intention de...

projeter de...

to intend to...

to plan to...

SURPRISE

être surpris par

être surpris de

Je n'arrive pas à y croire.

Tu plaisantes!

to be surprised at

to be surprised to

I can't believe it.

You're joking / kidding!

CONSEILS

Tu devrais...

conseiller à qqn. de faire qqch.

proposer que...

Vous feriez mieux de…

You should / ought to

to advise somebody to do something

to suggest that / to suggest + V-ING

You'd better + BV

CRAINTE

être effrayé par

avoir peur de

craindre

Je meurs de peur.

to be frightened by

to be afraid of

to fear

I'm scared to death.

DECEPTION

Pas de chance !

C'est trop bête !

Bad luck!

That’s too bad!

PLAISIR

s'amuser

apprécier qqch.

être content de qqch.

être satisfait de

agréable

distrayant

to enjoy one self / to have fun

to enjoy something

to be glad of / pleased with something

to be satisfied with

pleasant

entertaining

PLAINTES

se plaindre à qqn. de qqch.

Je ne peux pas supporter…

Je regrette d'avoir à dire…

L’ ennui c'est que...

to complain to somebody about something

I can't stand + V-ING

I'm sorry to have to say…

The trouble is that...

EXCUSES

s'excuser de qqch. auprès de qqn.

Je suis vraiment désolé de...

Je n'en avais pas l'intention.

to apologize to s.o. for something / for + V-ING

I'm (awfully) sorry for + V-ING...

I didn't mean it.

MENACES

menacer quelqu'un de…

Il est grand temps que tu changes d'avis !

to threaten somebody with + V-ING

It’s about time you changed your mind!

ACCORD

DESACCORD

approuver / désapprouver

être d'accord avec

se mettre d'accord

to approve of / to disapprove of

to agree with

to come to an agreement

DOUTES

Il me semble que…

Je me demande si…

J'ai des doutes sur…

sans aucun doute

It seems to me that…

I wonder whether…

I have great doubts about...

No doubt / Undoubtedly

GOÛTS

beaucoup aimer + infinitif

je n’apprécie pas beaucoup…

to be fond of / be keen on + V-ING

I don't think much of…

PREFERENCES

préférer qqch. à qqch.

Ça m'est égal de

Ce que je préfère

to prefer something to something

I don't mind + V-ING…

What I like best...

4. VOCABULAIRE DU COMMENTAIRE DE TEXTE

LE TEXTE

Ce texte est extrait de...

Ce texte est basé sur...

Ce texte parle de...

Ce passage commence par…

Il est centré sur…

Il se divise en…

L'idée clé est....

La question qui se pose...

Ceci nous amène à...

On peut remarquer que…

Un des aspects les plus frappants...

On dit que...

Il est bon de noter...

On peut objecter que...

En ce qui concerne le personnage principal...

Ce personnage incarne...

On doit garder à l'esprit...

Ce point est illustré par...

Ce qui prédomine...

Le texte étudie le pour et le contre.

Le passage se caractérise par...

Ceci soulève le problème de...

Le passage souligne que....

(X) est un sujet d'actualité.

On parle beaucoup de (X) à l'heure actuelle.

Cette question suscite des réactions.

Ce passage est une suite logique de...

L'histoire se déroule par étapes.

Le passage transmet une impression de...

This text is taken from... / It's an excerpt from…

This text is based on…

This text deals with / is about...

This passage starts with…

It concentrates on...

It is divided into…

The key-issue is...

The question that arises...

This brings us to...

It can be noticed that...

One of the most striking features...

It is said…

It may be asserted that...

It could be objected that...

As far as the main character is concerned...

This character embodies…

One must bear in mind...

This point is illustrated by...

What prevails...

The text shows the pros and cons.

This passage is characterized by...

This raises the problem of...

The passage points out that...

(X) is a topic of current interest.

(X) is much talked about nowadays.

This question arouses reactions.

This passage is a logical sequence of…

The story develops step by step.

The passage conveys an impression of…

LE NARRATEUR

Le narrateur

(L’auteur)

fait remarquer...

insiste sur...

souligne...

met en évidence

met l'accent sur…

se concentre sur…

prend en compte…

met en opposition…

avance...

dépeint...

The narrator

(The writer)

points out...

emphasizes…

underlines…

highlights

stresses...

focuses on…

takes into account...

contrasts... and...

puts forward...

depicts...

esquisse le portrait de...

affirme que...

fait allusion à...

fait un parallèle entre…et…

aborde le problème de…

a une vision approfondie de…

remet en cause...

raisonne en faveur de… / contre...

défend l'idée que...

ne fait pas mention de ...

outlines the portrait of..

claims that

alludes to

makes a parallel between...

tackles the problem of..

has a deep insight into..,

questions...

argues in favor of…/ against…

advocates / supports / stands the idea of..

does not mention …

Son attitude envers...

Comme le dit l'auteur, ...

Du point de vue de I'auteur...

Un procédé littéraire

A plusieurs niveaux

Le but de l'auteur

Un plaidoyer pour contre

Les ressemblances / les différences

His / Her attitude towards...

As the author puts it, ...

From the author's point of view…

A literary device

On various levels

The writer's aim

A plea for / against

The similarities / the differences

LE LECTEUR

Ma première impression est...

J'ai le sentiment que...

Rien ne prouve que…

Il va sans dire que...

On ne peut affirmer avec certitude que…

On ne peut s'empêcher de penser que…

On ne peut nier que...

Les opinions sont divisées.

Certains pensent... d'autres...

C'est une question controversée.

L’auteur semble de parti-pris.

Cela me rappelle...

Je ne peux prendre parti.

Je vois les choses de la même façon que lui.

Je suis tout à fait convaincu par...

On reconnaît généralement que...

Ce qui me frappe, c'est que...

Je suis très frappé par...

Cela nous fait prendre pleinement conscience…

Je considère que c'est un point de vue (optimiste...).

Je ne peux approuver ces idées.

Ce qui me pose problème...

Je ne peux être d'accord avec...

Il serait faux de dire...

Ces affirmations sont sans valeur.

Cet argument est hors de propos.

L'auteur déforme la vérité.

Son style est trop recherché.

My first impression is...

I feel as if...

There is no evidence that…

It goes without saying that…

It can't be taken for granted that…

One can't help thinking…

There is no denying that…

Opinions may be divided.

Some think ... others...

It is a controversial issue.

The author seems biased.